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NOTES: newborn wolf pups (see below for individuals' details) [seg 2] 5 newborn wolf pups whining; with C whining in the background; K scratching [seg 3] voiceover ^ [seg 4] newborn wolf pups crying [seg 5] voiceover ^ ********************************************************** NOTES ON INDIVIDUALS (Eastern and Western timber wolves - the first 6 in the list survived to form the pack): Abbrev. Name Sex DOB Birthplace Rank ----------------------------------------------- N Niska M 21/04/1973 Seattle alpha K Kiowa F 21/04/1973 Seattle alpha O Chippewa M 01/05/1974 Syracuse beta M Mahican M 01/05/1974 Syracuse omega I Iroquios F 01/05/1974 Syracuse beta C Cherokee F 01/05/1974 Syracuse omega S Shawnee F 01/05/1974 Syracuse (died at 8 months) [Others were Dakota, Blackfoot, Pawnee and Shoshoni from Western pack (Seattle) who all died aged approx 4 months; an unnamed pup from Western pack which died at 1 month] ----------------------------------------------------- HISTORY OF PACK AND OBSERVATIONS: * 3 July 1973: N & 'no-name' obtained aged 10 weeks (having been hand-reared at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle) * 27 Aug 1973: 'no-name' died possibly from torsion of stomach * 7 Nov 1973: obtained another female from same litter, K, who had not been hand-reared and was intolerant of human approach [the above 3 were N American timber wolves of Western lineage, subspecies unknown] * 22 May 1974: O,M,I,C obtained aged 3 weeks and subsequently hand-reared by exp. during most of early development kept in 680 sq foot enclosure (pen D) approx. 50 feet from main pens housing N & K. [the above 4 were N american timber wolves of Eastern lineage (Canis lupus lycaon)] --DOMINANCE: --Eastern pups: end of 3 months of age: M -> O -> I -> C -> S -- end of 4 months of age: O -> M -> I -> C -> S * 1 Jan 1975: S escaped, run over and killed; remaining 4 pups moved to pen B adjacent to pen A housing N & K. * 21 Jan 1975: severe fight between O & M (M challenging O's alpha status) with O emerging as victor; M nevr again seriously challenged O. --DOMINANCE: --During the time Eastern and Western packs were separated, Western showed dominance over Eastern who were subordinate. * Feb 1975: (not sure of exact date) Eastern and Western packs united: Eastern initiated fighting: I (joined by C) attacked K; O (joined by M) attacked N. N & K emerged victors after only 5-10 mins. --DOMINANCE: --Thereafter a stable dominance hierarchy: males: N -> O -> M ; females: K -> I -> C. --N seldom and mildly suppressed O & M; --However K vigorously and frequently suppressed I & C, esp C who was also beaten up by N. * 26 April 1975: K's first litter (fathered by N); pups named Dakota (D), Blackfoot (B), Pawnee (P), Shoshoni (S) and 'other'. * 30 May 1975: 'oher' died from hookworm; remainder of pups separated from juv and adults and kept in pen C a small outdoor enclosure. * 2 Aug 1975: D died of hookworm aged 3&1/2 months; remaining pups placed back in main enclosure with juv and adults. (all pups being treated) * 7 Aug 1975: P died of hookworm * 15 Aug 1975: B died * 20 Aug 1975: S(Shoshoni) died; all pups died despite treatment for hookworm. * 26 April 1976: K's second litter (also fathered by N); 3 males, 2 females; all died of hookworm by 1 month of age. * 3 May 1976: point finally reached were old wounds on subordinate females being reopened; exp decided to separate Eastern and Western packs: placed in adjacent pens; by one month later exp had managed to effectivly seal fence from break-ins; tension between animals grew; rank-order dissolved. * 23 March 1977: O, M & I dug into other pen and beat N & K; N badly beaten; taken to ve
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- 已编目
- 15 Jul 2003 - Mark E. Reaves
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- 21 Jul 2003 - Mark E. Reaves
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- 15 Jul 2003 - Mark E. Reaves